Where is our happiness

The story begins with a story many people have heard about a late-year millionaire who walks through the warm sun in the winter and meets a tramp at the base of the wall. He asks the tramp: "You Why not go to work? "
Wanderer: "Why do you want to work?
"You can make money."
"What do you earn?"
"Earn money to live a big house, you can enjoy delicious food, and family can enjoy their grandchildren."
"and then?"
"When you are old, you can be carefree, like me, every day for a walk, the sun.
"Am I not in the sun now?"
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There are many versions of this story, the other version is rich and fishermen dialogue, its meaning is roughly the same, refers to the rich pursuit of comfortable life, the poor have long been enjoying. This parable seems to describe a contradictory world, but it really contradictory? actually not. As long as we are a little careful analysis, we will find that the biggest difference between the two men is that the rich are likely to children and grandchildren, and the tramp is likely to have no children. Biology tells us that the most important task of any living thing is to spread the genes, to produce offspring, evolution will give those who are best at producing descendants of the greatest reward, for those who can not produce offspring, the punishment is to annihilate its genes. In this way, after thousands of generations, all the creatures have become do everything possible to pursue the achievements of biological reproduction, and this motivation is full of our subconscious, so that we do not even realize.
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People are stupid animals, so the gene can not and people reason, the gene can not say: "Hey, you go to find a man / woman, and then you have children, and finally raise the child, so we all have the advantage . "But that's not a big problem. Genes can do it by other means, such as designing a special set of brain mechanisms that secrete certain chemicals when certain genes hope to see things happen, Feel happy, in some genes do not want to see things happen, they stop the secretion of the chemical substances, so feel sad. This is the origin of human well-being.
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Some people say that people will be rich after the happiness, but sociologists conducted several surveys have completely rejected this argument, the United Kingdom is a developed country, per capita income is high, but now the British are not more happy than before, in the Other developed countries, the survey is the same situation, so some people doubt the pursuit of GDP growth in the end is for what. In fact, from the biological point of view, this survey results are obvious things. First of all, we want to see what is the driving force behind GDP growth, which is due to some people found some good opportunities to make big money, so big money in the GDP driven by the increase, but to attract them to make money is the driving force behind the gene Think that this can stand out in the crowd, by the opposite sex of greater concern, so that can increase the opportunities to reproduce. By the way, we can also explain why people particularly hate the economic development process of the gap between the rich and the poor, the so-called against the current, do not make money in the case of other people you did not earn, although from a rational point of view you do not have any loss, But the genes tell you that the likelihood of success of your offspring will be reduced, so you will feel inexplicable anger from the heart. For developed countries, the income of all people relative to a few decades ago are very high, but the gene does not think this increase in breeding opportunities to help, so happiness does not increase is a natural thing.
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Through the above description, we can get a less pleasant conclusion, that is, more money than others will bring you happiness, but we generally have no money on the fun at all. Another point must be noted that the happiness brought about by the money is just a moment of things, otherwise Buffett would be a high day. This happiness is reflected only when you jump from only 1 million to 10 million, when you have 10 million jumped to 1 million, when you have 10 million jumped to 10 million, that is, when Say you make money on a new level will feel happy, since the rapid decline in happiness, so you can only continue to earn more money to increase happiness. But no matter how much money you can earn, once found around people earn more than their own, then your happiness will immediately decline.
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Some of the above talk about money and happiness, but we all know that in addition to money can increase the achievements of reproduction, there are many other conditions, so there are many channels of well-being. For example, for many women, there is a very concerned about her husband is a very happy thing. From a biological point of view, this kind of husband to ensure that he will provide long-term help and support, so that children have a greater likelihood of adulthood, and have a good future.
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See here if there are people who feel that happiness and reproduction is okay, please consider such an example, why the greatest natural pleasure for humans (this is the ultimate happiness) when the orgasm? Because of orgasm and reproduction directly related to future generations. We use a variety of contraceptive measures is to deceive the gene, because we want to reward, but not to return.
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Here we are more in-depth talk about the generation mechanism of happiness. There is a well-known example: drug addicts, in the time of drug use will feel great happiness, or called pleasure. This is because people find a good way to deceive the gene (or bad), the gene through a substance called dopamine to regulate our well-being, secrete a little more, we are happy, happy; secretion was Less, we are sad, despair. Just the main components of drugs and this thing almost, so addicts who feel a strong pleasure. The downside is that a lot of stimulation in the moment makes the brain part of the original responsible for the secretion of dopamine completely stopped working, this person in the future in addition to continuing drug addiction and drug money can not find anything other than to do, because there is no Any other thing is pleasant. Drugs caused by the physical damage is permanent, not psychotherapy can save. Therefore, people who come out of drug rehabilitation, the relapse rate of up to 90%.
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Now we have found the key mechanism to control happiness, which is the secret switch of that strange chemical. We naturally think, will not different people of its switch traffic is different? Yes, the fact is, that is, some people are naturally born optimist, and some people born very pessimistic reasons. Scientists track more than a thousand pairs of twins, test their happiness and found that identical twins and fraternal twins consistent well-being rate was 0.44 and 0.08, which means a great part of human well-being from the genetic, natural A large flow switch, then, is optimist, otherwise it is pessimistic. Scientists tracking these twins for 20 years, they found another surprising fact that human well-being with childhood care, adult economic status and environmental relevance is very small, that is, If you are an optimistic person and can always appreciate the many pleasures of life, then you 10 years later, even if the environment has changed dramatically, you are still optimistic, and vice versa.
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Now we can almost describe the well-being of mankind, the following is a summary of the main points:
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1, genes control our sense of well-being, its means is to master some of the chemical substances in the switch;
2, different people, born of its switch size (this is just a metaphor) is different, so it was natural optimism, it was born pessimistic;
3, in some genes want to see things happen, the switch to open more, so we feel happy meet and happy, but time will not be too long, the gene will soon switch to recovery, which means that we also To continue to work for the reward;
4, genes determine what kind of things the standard of hope is very simple, that it can enhance our prosperity achievements, is a good thing, otherwise it is a bad thing;
5, some religions, such as Buddhism is to help us out of the arms of the genetic control, Buddhism through its own set of strange logic, making us think that life is the endless sea of ​​bitterness, the initiative to reject the gene we want to do, so we succeed Detached, but Buddhism to promote the bliss of the world is entirely illusory, this world is about a world full of drugs.

Then the genes of homosexuality have not been eliminated

The purpose of this article is to answer a question that may be difficult to understand: if the purpose of the gene is to allow us to better reproduce, then why the homosexual gene has not been eliminated?
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First look at some of the history of the famous gay. Leonardo da Vinci was imprisoned at the age of 24 because he and a boy sodomized his precious manuscript to his closest male partner before he died;
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Tchaikovsky at the age of 32 fell in love with a 19-year-old guy, inspired by love, he wrote the famous "Swan Lake";
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Turing, the pioneer of computer science and a talented mathematician who deciphered the Nazi code, saved the lives of countless Allied soldiers, but he was not praised, but because homosexual acts were arrested, Forced the use of hormone therapy, the results of homosexuality did not cure, but the breasts do a great job in desperation Turing chose suicide, the Dutch act a little fairy tale color, he ate an apple full of venom, like Snow White So quiet to sleep;
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Cairns is a famous economist, he is also gay, he even went to prostitutes, he returned to his love of men find a reason to say that a woman's soul is relatively low, so he loves men;
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"Dream of Red Mansions" Jia Baoyu strictly speaking is gay, because he had to go to bed with a man. Chinese history, many homosexual kings, such as the King and Longyang Jun, Han Emperor and Deng Tong, Han Ai Di and Dong Xian. Ancient high society popular "pedophilia", child molestation is small is too late at night with the owner to sleep the little boy.
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The United Nations recently criticized the Vatican for child molestation and found that tens of thousands of children around the world have been sexually assaulted by Catholic clerics for many years. In fact, it is common for monks to have homosexuality at all times and in all times. "Laughing forest wide mind" where there are many jokes about monks gay, such as the following two:
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Daily
Monk back courtyard out of Christine, mistakenly been Jianjian 搠 into the hip, but more than call the pain. See the small sand Mi, co - palm cloud: "Amitabha, the Daily News.
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Open meat
Master of the night that sand Mi said: "tonight can be a dry one." Sha Mi said: "What is the prime?" Monk said: "No saliva who is also." Sammy has been very painful, called: "Master, , Quickly opened the C strike.
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Japan Warring States period movie, sitting on the edge of the general boy, is the general male pet. And so grown up, he can get married, you can also have a wife and children. Have done a certain name of the child molestation, it does not feel very humiliating.
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Studies have shown that the proportion of male homosexuals accounts for about 8% -10% of the male population, but some studies have pointed out that this figure greatly overestimated, the correct number should be between 2% -3%. The range of these estimates varies considerably.
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In the end, people suddenly realized that to confirm a person is not homosexual, it was very difficult, this is not to say that the respondents have intentionally want to hide anything, but even he himself can not be sure is not homosexual. Thus, we use the word "homosexuality" is very inaccurate. Strictly speaking, we should divide the situation into the following categories:
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Heterosexuality: Most of us fall into this category, meaning that we are only interested in the opposite sex;
Strict homosexuality: such people are only interested in homosexuality, will not have interest in the opposite sex;
Bisexuality: This type of person is likely to be interested in same sex and heterosexuality, and gender is not a big problem for them.
(Described below for convenience, "strict homosexuality" and "bisexual" are referred to as "homosexuality")
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The film "Brokeback Mountain" is a description of homosexuality, in fact, this argument is wrong, because the film's hero is not strictly homosexual, but bisexual, they were married and had children. We found that in fact the vast majority of people considered to be homosexual, should be bisexual, the real strict homosexuality only about 0.5% less. While bisexuality is relatively more, there may be about 5%, their homosexual behavior generally occurs in the young, with the increasing age, homosexual behavior will be reduced. Because of the high proportion of double / homosexuality, there is at least one bisexuality among the ancestors of our Five Dynasties. To describe it in a less scientific way is that we have homosexuality in each of our ancestors.
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We use ancestors to describe homosexuality. Implicitly, we believe that homosexuality is likely to be inherited, and the factual data support this hypothesis. In the same twins, if a homosexual, another 52% probability is homosexual; in the fraternal twins, the probability is 22%; ordinary brother, if one person is homosexual, Another person has a 13% probability. Further research found that gay genes may be from the mother, if found to be homosexual, that the mother's relatives to find homosexuality in the probability of higher than from the father's relatives. Recent research from molecular genetics has even been able to locate homosexual genes, which means that every mother in the future can ask the doctor to do a DNA test to determine the probability of giving birth to a child is a homosexuality .
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Since we have determined that bisexual / homosexuality mainly comes from heredity, this does not deny environmental factors. A little boy who is seduced by a homosexual relative may have a greater chance of becoming homosexual. Our next question is, why the evolution of nature to choose to retain this gene, is this gene will bring some potential benefits to the carrier, making them more likely to spread their descendants it?
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Scientific research confirms this conjecture. Psychologists have found that gay men have far more sex partners than ordinary heterosexual men. Heterosexual men in their lifetime, the average has not more than 10 sexual partners, while the number of gay men can easily more than 10 people, or even more than 100 people. The general view that homosexuals are more likely to have AIDS or other sexually transmitted diseases, because anal reasons, in fact, this argument is wrong, correct argument is that because of their excessive number of sexual partners, so these diseases are particularly vulnerable to spread among them . If homosexuality can adhere to the "one husband monogamous" or "one wife and one wife", then the probability of their illness and no more than ordinary people.
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Gay men because of the large number of sexual partners, even if the removal of one of the same sex, that the number of the rest of the opposite sex is still more than the ordinary heterosexual men. In addition, homosexual men first sexual time earlier than heterosexual men, which means that human reproduction competition, they may be ahead of others.
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Human beings from the biological point of view, the survival of its significance lies in the spread of their genes down, the general public flies Yinggou Gou driving force is more effective dissemination of their genes. So men are so keen to make money and improve social status, women are so keen to maintain a beautiful appearance, even we complain about housing prices can not afford to buy housing is also the reason, because no room for men is relatively less attractive to women.
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Gay men, on the other hand, travel from sex to spreading their own genes. They are keen on sexual intercourse, do not specifically choose the opposite sex, whether men or women, they come without rejection. From homosexual sexual behavior, they have acquired a great deal of experience and the so-called "kung fu", which is enough to attract some women with their love (women usually think gay men more attractive?), That is, they are more likely to produce Some illegitimate children, these children are carrying his genes, so homosexual gene enough to maintain a 5% of the population. Fortunately, women choose sexual partners when the main focus on social and economic status, otherwise the proportion of homosexuality will be higher.
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Homosexuality is only a few special genes produced by long human evolution. They choose a different path to spread their genes. We can not think of it as a disease, at best only a group of people who behave differently than others. Modern society may be the most unsuitable for homosexual survival of society, the first is the rapid increase in population mobility, in a closed small environment, the spread of the disease is unlikely, and modern society with advanced means of transport within a few days may Disease from the Eastern Hemisphere to the Western Hemisphere, syphilis is an incurable disease before, it is AIDS, is likely to conquer the AIDS, we will produce new diseases, all of which greatly reduce the possibility of homosexual reproduction opportunities, may After a few years, homosexual genes will disappear, but this must be a very distant thin

On the evolution of male sex organs

In recent years, evolutionary biology (psychology) in the rapid development of gender relations have a more in-depth understanding of some research results and even provide us with a new perspective to observe the psychology of men and women, this paper will mainly men's physical and sexual psychology Some discussion. In order to make the article more practical and targeted, at the beginning of the article we put forward a series of questions, the full text will be discussed around these issues, and ultimately will give a reasonable scientific explanation.
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A, why do men care about the size of their penis, and even secretly compared with others?
B, why according to scientific investigation, a woman is not particularly concerned about the size of male penis?
C, why men on women whether orgasm particularly concerned about?
D, why the evolution of man's penis now like this? Why should it be trimmed (circumcision)?
E, why men reached orgasm (ejaculation) will have a period of time after the refractory period (ie, weak)?
F, the black thing is not really better than white and yellow.
G, the process of sexual intercourse Why is the piston?
H, male masturbation will not be useful?
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The meaning of size
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The basis for all the discussion to follow is that man is one of the animals. If you do not recognize this one, then the following discussion will be meaningless. From a taxonomic point of view, humans are primates, let us look at those close relatives of the situation. The American film "King Kong" is about the gorillas love the story of human women, but if the gorillas and human women really have a relationship, then the woman must be disappointed, because on average gorillas weight is a man's three Times, while the penis length of only one-third of men, less than 4 cm. Biologists were also surprised by the fact that chimpanzees were about half as long as men, but they were much smaller than humans. Biologists went to study the size of the testes, they found that the situation and the penis is the same. In other words, from the size of the size and size of the male point of view, the largest chimpanzee, the smallest gorilla, humans are in the middle.
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To explain the evolution of the size of the penis, we can consider the example of a giraffe, the head of the giraffe is long, in order to eat high leaves, the longer the head and neck means that the choice of the larger, or have better evolutionary advantages, so Long neck of genes to continue, so that the next generation of giraffes can inherit more and more long neck. We therefore assumed that the larger the penis size, the better the evolutionary advantage for both men and chimpanzees. To test this hypothesis, we will then examine the sexual behavior of these animals.
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We found that gorillas practice strict polygamy, female gorillas are almost not deviant, male gorillas through the super strength to dominate the spouse, driving competitors. While the chimpanzee is on the contrary, its life can be "immoral" to describe the word. Biologists are often able to observe the chimpanzee prostitution, as long as the other side to provide some food, female chimpanzees are happy to provide a sexual intercourse in return. The female chimpanzees in the estrus will almost have sex with most of the males in the population, so it is almost impossible for the female to be sure of the child's father, but fortunately the males do not care too much about it. Therefore, we believe that for the gorilla, the size of the penis does not matter, because it can beat their own physical strength of competitors, and the female will not derail, so the size of the penis is not helpful to the evolutionary advantages, 3-4 The penis is enough; chimpanzees are not, because the female and the majority of the population will usually mate, so have a big penis means the evolution of the advantage of possession, the testicles will be able to produce a greater number of sperm, and large penis Advantages are discussed in detail below. Penis size is closely related to homosexuality, so we reasoned that human society is not as chaste chorals so chaste, nor as chimpanzees so promiscuous, but in the middle of the state. Details can refer to the "alternative between men competition: sperm battle."
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Now we can answer questions A and B, and of course, men naturally born very concerned about the size of their own penis, because it relates to the evolutionary advantages of the problem, they will even intentionally and inadvertently and others compared. In all human cultures, men are concerned about the size of the penis, so the history of this instinctive response to trace back to hundreds of thousands of years ago, that is, human history, a period of time can be used "sexual freedom" Western sexual liberation in the seventies of the last century, however, is a kind of arrogant phenomenon. As the size of the male only to help the proliferation of achievements, so women do not care about it is inevitable, women are more concerned about the status and wealth of men, rather than the size of the penis, of course, will pretend to care about. We can even predict that, even after a thousand years, penis enlargement drugs will still be hot, because the 1000 years of time is not enough to change the human instinct preferences, of course, this drug is not much effect.
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   We all know that the shape of a tool is directly related to its use, hummingbird slender mouth is to eat nectar, dolphin streamlined body is to swim faster, so numerous examples, so we guess men penis now Shape, should be used with the way. The most direct use of the penis is to sperm into the female body, so longer penis about the sperm can send more in-depth, but this is only the most preliminary guess, the fact is far more than this.
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Why should a man's penis has a prominent "mushroom head (glans)"? If you can take into account its use, then everything will suddenly see the light. The activity of the penis is a plug-type plug, men usually still care about the duration. Imagine putting such a device in a liquid-filled tubular container, and what would it be? Very simple, the result is the container of the original liquid are "dig" out. Please pay special attention to the "dig" word, which is the main function of the penis. In the female vagina has a dome at the back, and can be used as a semen pool. Men must first empty the semen pool to be able to put their semen into it. Because there may be left on a man discharged things to know that male sperm can survive in the female body up to three to five days, so first through the physical way to "enemy" are running away, and then their own Troops sent out, this is the best way.
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Now we can answer questions D, E and G. Piston movement is directly related to the shape of the penis, both as the way the key is used. At the same time we also know why some cultures have circumcision phenomenon, the so-called foreskin is too long refers to the mushroom head is covered, so this penis play some of their own usefulness, cut off after the penis will play more Role, but in modern society its meaning is not large. Immediately after the penis ejaculation into the weak phase is the same reason, if it does not immediately soft down, they will put their troops out, it would be counterproductive.
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Problem C troubled many biologists, until the end of last century, people only fully understand the reasons. In fact, when women reached orgasm, the cervix will contract and open, while the sperm in the sperm pool inhalation of the uterus, which means that this time is the force "to destroy Huanglong," the best time. Psychologists survey also revealed an interesting fact, women reached orgasm if pregnant, men will be very confident of their father's status, which is often the reason women will pretend to orgasm, women certainly want each other to believe that they are the real child Father and provide more resources, but these are only exist in the subconscious, like men do not know sperm war began to pay attention to the size of the penis, everything is determined by instinct.
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People know that the answer to question H is not long. Masturbation is very common, so we think it is a normal phenomenon, not masturbation is not normal, but the question is whether masturbation also provides an evolutionary advantage? The answer is yes. To understand this phenomenon, we also need to master some basic knowledge about the male body. The men's testicles are producing sperm at all times. These sperm recruits enter the vas deferens, but the life cycle of the sperm is not long. After a few days, they begin to age. Obviously, no one wants to send the old and weak troops to fight. , So the best way is to always have fresh sperm in the vas deferens on standby, so masturbation provides a mechanism to discard the old and the weak, the strong complement up. You can even think of this as a grinding gun, of course, can not be sharpening the gun, but should be regularly grinding gun. Therefore, we believe that the prevalence of masturbation behavior is an evolutionary advantage.
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Problem F may be somewhat complex, mainly requires more background knowledge. Black, white and yellow are the three major races of the world, but in fact these three people are evolved from the black. About 100,000 years ago, the first human explorers out of Africa, to Europe and Asia to live, in order to fit the local environment, their appearance has been a major change. Due to the weakening of the sun, the skin of immigrants came to Europe more and more white, the human way through the sun to the synthesis of vitamin D, if the light is too weak skin is too dark, then the synthesis of vitamin D can not. The biggest change in Europe and Asia was that they had invented agriculture, and Africans had not invented agriculture, and many still lived in the Stone Age to a large extent because Africans did not have to face the winter, and Europeans and Asians must consider how to go to the winter, only agriculture can provide the winter grain reserves.
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After the invention of agriculture, there has been an unexpected result, people pay more attention to women's chastity. This is because the agricultural community is faced with a large number of inheritance problems, and the primitive society almost no inherited property. China's feudal society to this point to the extreme, if the bride is not a virgin, the man can even put people back. In the feudal society, the punishment of female infidelity is far more than the primitive society, so the advantages of male big penis is almost not play out, the smaller the penis will be able to save valuable resources for the supply of other organs, which is more than black whites and whites s reason.
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in conclusion
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This paper explores the evolutionary patterns of human male genital mutilation, and the human sexual behavior corresponding to these patterns, which tell us a lot about the history of human evolution.
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Since the time of mankind in the scientific age, people's main energy has been spent on understanding things on the outside, but ignoring our own understanding of evolutionary biology (psychology) provides us with a unique perspective of their own understanding, I believe it will become 21 A revolution in the life of mankind.